# GHG quantification

General GHG quantification rules can be found in the [Rainbow Standard Rules](/~/changes/229/rainbow-standard-documents/rainbow-standard-rules.md).

Calculations of GHG emissions for the baseline and project scenarios shall follow a robust, recognized method and good practice guidance. The overall methodological approach is a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) at the project-scale, based on [ISO 14064-2:2019](#user-content-fn-1)[^1]. 

This methodology shall be used in conjunction with the Rainbow modules listed below. **Modules are like mini-methodologies** that only cover a part of the project life-cycle. Combining the relevant modules for a project results in a complete picture of the required data, calculations, monitoring plans, and other information needed for a full GHG quantification.

<table data-view="cards"><thead><tr><th></th><th data-hidden data-card-target data-type="content-ref"></th><th data-hidden data-card-cover data-type="image">Cover image</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Processing and energy use</td><td><a href="/pages/BTxxPIM3a4Nai1Wkwu2Y">/pages/BTxxPIM3a4Nai1Wkwu2Y</a></td><td><a href="/files/xqDoBuMbX7fcBqJ8AanC">/files/xqDoBuMbX7fcBqJ8AanC</a></td></tr><tr><td>Transportation</td><td><a href="/pages/VTWdCc7guKu1x0azAizi">/pages/VTWdCc7guKu1x0azAizi</a></td><td><a href="/files/XAxrYlLSh0qtvbDkKkqp">/files/XAxrYlLSh0qtvbDkKkqp</a></td></tr><tr><td>Infrastructure and machinery</td><td><a href="/pages/IwqpSqlee22qTIPti3Sl">/pages/IwqpSqlee22qTIPti3Sl</a></td><td><a href="/files/gE6Zo8o6awA0p9LnSTnF">/files/gE6Zo8o6awA0p9LnSTnF</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

GHG quantifications shall be completed for **each monitoring period**.&#x20;

## Functional unit  <a href="#id-8422amp7fe3k" id="id-8422amp7fe3k"></a>

The functional unit shall be **1 tonne of carbon dioxide stored** in a geological reservoir.&#x20;

## Data sources  <a href="#kpxsamb8logm" id="kpxsamb8logm"></a>

The required data for GHG reduction calculations from projects are presented below.&#x20;

* Table 1 and 2 specify data required for the calculation of **project removals** for segregated[^2] and non-segregated[^3] streams, respectively. Further details on the measurements are provided in the [Sampling and measurements](/~/changes/229/methodologies/biogenic-carbon-capture-and-storage-bioccs/sampling-and-measurements.md) section.
* Table 3-7 specify data required required for the calculation of project emissions. Further details are provided in the respective Emission sections in this methodology and the Rainbow Transformation modules.
* Table 8 specifies secondary data for the calculation of biomass storage emissions.&#x20;

Note that the table **does not include all information needed for project monitoring and verification— only the data inputs for ongoing GHG quantification**. The full list of information is provided in the minimum requirements for a [Monitoring Plan](/~/changes/229/methodologies/biogenic-carbon-capture-and-storage-bioccs/principles-and-requirements.md#snhouoxhyrzi).

#### Data sources for project removals

<details>

<summary>Segregated CO2 stream</summary>

The following data shall be provided for projects that capture, transport and store CO<sub>2</sub> as a segregated stream. This means that the project's eligible CO<sub>2</sub> is **handled separately** from any other CO<sub>2</sub>, and can be tracked and measured uniquely.

*Table 1 for **segregated streams**: Summary of **removal data** needed from projects and their source for initial project certification and validation. All data sources listed here are required to be monitored and updated during verification (see Monitoring Plan section).*

<table><thead><tr><th width="211.0390625">Parameter</th><th width="130.76953125">Variable</th><th width="138.43359375">Unit</th><th width="271.3046875">Source</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>fraction of biogenic CO<sub>2</sub> in total CO<sub>2</sub> captured</td><td><span class="math">F_{B}</span></td><td>fraction</td><td><p>primary data measured at capture site</p><ul><li>100% biogenic stream: operational data records</li><li>mixed stream: mass balance approach or C14 testing</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>total mass or volumetric flow of injected stream at storage site</td><td><span class="math"> m_{stream}</span> or <span class="math"> V_{stream}</span></td><td>tonne or m<sup>3</sup> </td><td>primary data measured at storage site</td></tr><tr><td>concentration of CO<sub>2</sub> in the injected stream</td><td><span class="math"> F_{mass,\ CO2} </span> </td><td>wt% </td><td>primary data measured at storage site</td></tr><tr><td>density of injected stream (for volumetric flow measurements)</td><td><span class="math">\rho_{stream}</span></td><td>t/m<sup>3</sup></td><td>primary data measured at storage site</td></tr><tr><td>pressure and temperature of injected stream (for volumetric flow measurements)</td><td><span class="math">p,T</span></td><td>Pa, K</td><td>primary data measured at storage site</td></tr><tr><td>fraction of biogenic CO<sub>2</sub> sent for permanent storage</td><td><span class="math">F_{RCC}</span></td><td>%</td><td>choice of Project Developer </td></tr></tbody></table>

</details>

<details>

<summary>Non-segregated CO2 streams</summary>

The following data shall be provided for projects in which the project's captured CO<sub>2</sub> stream is **mixed with CO**<sub>**2**</sub>**&#x20;streams from other sources** at any point after leaving the capture site.&#x20;

*Table 2 For **non-segregated streams**: Summary of **removal data** needed from projects and their source for initial project certification and validation. All data sources listed here are required to be monitored and updated during verification (see Monitoring Plan section).*&#x20;

<table><thead><tr><th width="211.0390625">Parameter</th><th width="130.76953125">Variable</th><th width="138.43359375">Unit</th><th width="271.3046875">Source</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>fraction of biogenic CO<sub>2</sub> in total CO<sub>2</sub> captured</td><td><span class="math">F_{B}</span></td><td>fraction</td><td><p>primary data measured at capture site</p><ul><li>100% biogenic stream: operational data records</li><li>mixed stream: mass balance approach or C14 testing</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>total mass or volumetric flow of captured stream</td><td><span class="math"> m_{stream}</span> or <span class="math"> V_{stream}</span></td><td>tonne or m<sup>3</sup> of gas</td><td>primary data measured at capture site</td></tr><tr><td>concentration of CO<sub>2</sub> in the captured stream</td><td><span class="math"> F_{mass,\ CO2} </span>  </td><td>wt% </td><td>primary data measured at capture site</td></tr><tr><td>density of captured stream (for volumetric flow measurements)</td><td><span class="math">\rho_{stream}</span></td><td>t/m<sup>3</sup></td><td>primary data measured at capture site</td></tr><tr><td>pressure and temperature of captured stream (for volumetric flow measurements)</td><td><span class="math">p,T</span></td><td>Pa, K</td><td>primary data measured at capture site</td></tr><tr><td>amount of CO<sub>2</sub> lost during transport stage</td><td><span class="math"> CO_{2 \ transport\ losses }</span></td><td>%, or tCO<sub>2</sub>/km</td><td><ul><li>difference in CO<sub>2</sub> shipped/received, or</li><li>literature based leakage rates</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>amount of CO<sub>2</sub> lost during storage stage</td><td><span class="math"> CO_{2 \ storage\ losses }</span></td><td>%, or appropriate unit</td><td><ul><li>difference in CO<sub>2</sub> shipped/received, or</li><li>literature based leakage rates</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>fraction of biogenic CO<sub>2</sub> sent for permanent storage </td><td><span class="math">F_{RCC}</span></td><td>%</td><td>choice of Project Developer </td></tr></tbody></table>

</details>

#### Data sources for project emissions

<details>

<summary>All projects: shared data sources</summary>

The following data shall be provided by all projects, regardless of the baseline scenario (i.e. retrofit or greenfield project).&#x20;

*Table 3: Summary of **emission data needed from all projects** and their source for initial project certification and validation. All data sources listed here are required to be monitored and updated during verification (see Monitoring Plan section). Those marked with an asterisk (\*) shall be provided once, during validation. Note that only one of the approaches marked with two asterisks (\*\*) is required for reporting mobile transport data.*

<table><thead><tr><th width="142">Life cycle stage</th><th width="214">Parameter</th><th>Unit</th><th>Source</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>CO<sub>2</sub> capture</td><td><p>Type of capture process, e.g.</p><ul><li>liquefaction </li><li>intermediate storage</li><li>waste disposal</li></ul></td><td>Text description</td><td>Internal process documents</td></tr><tr><td>CO<sub>2</sub> capture</td><td><p>Type of input used by capture process, e.g.</p><ul><li>fuel</li><li>electricity</li><li>heat</li><li>chemicals (solvents, sorbents, etc.)</li></ul></td><td>Text description</td><td>Internal process documents</td></tr><tr><td>CO<sub>2</sub> capture</td><td>Amount of fuel or energy used by capture process</td><td>liter, kWh, MWh, GWh</td><td>Meter readings, bills, internal tracking documents, invoices</td></tr><tr><td>CO<sub>2</sub> capture</td><td>Amount of chemicals or other inputs used by capture process</td><td>kg, liter</td><td>Bills, internal tracking documents, invoices</td></tr><tr><td>CO<sub>2</sub> capture</td><td><p>Item type*, e.g</p><ul><li>capture unit</li><li>liquefaction unit </li><li>container</li></ul></td><td>Selection</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>CO<sub>2</sub> capture</td><td>Material type*</td><td>Selection</td><td>Technical specifications, bill of materials, invoices, building design documents</td></tr><tr><td>CO<sub>2</sub> capture</td><td>Material amount*</td><td>kg, tonne, m<sup>3</sup></td><td>same as above</td></tr><tr><td>CO<sub>2</sub> capture</td><td>Item lifetime* (optional)</td><td>years</td><td>same as above</td></tr><tr><td>CO<sub>2</sub> capture</td><td>List of items that were excluded*</td><td>Selection</td><td>Description of the system and transparent justification</td></tr><tr><td>Transport stage, <br>pipeline</td><td>Distance traveled in pipeline</td><td>km</td><td>Internal process documents, documents from  pipeline network operator</td></tr><tr><td>Transport stage, pipeline</td><td><p>Type of input used by pipeline, e.g. </p><ul><li>fuel </li><li>electricity</li></ul></td><td>Text description</td><td>Documents from the pipeline network operator</td></tr><tr><td>Transport stage, pipeline</td><td>Amount of fuel or energy used by pipeline</td><td>liter, kWh, MWh, GWh </td><td>Documents from  pipeline network operator</td></tr><tr><td>Transport stage, mobile,**<br>distance based approach</td><td>Distance traveled per transport segment</td><td>km</td><td>Operational records, conservative justified estimates</td></tr><tr><td>Transport stage, mobile,**<br>distance based approach</td><td>Weight of CO<sub>2</sub> transported per segment</td><td>tCO<sub>2</sub></td><td>Operational records, conservative justified estimates</td></tr><tr><td>Transport stage, mobile,**<br>distance based approach</td><td>Vehicle type</td><td>Category</td><td>Vehicle documents or photos</td></tr><tr><td>Transport stage, mobile, **<br>fuel amount approach</td><td>Fuel quantity consumed per transport segment</td><td>kg or kWh</td><td>Operational records, conservative justified estimates</td></tr><tr><td>Transport stage, mobile, **<br>fuel amount approach</td><td>Fuel type and (optional) geography</td><td>Category</td><td>Operational records, conservative justified estimates</td></tr><tr><td>Transport stage, mobile, **<br>fuel amount approach</td><td>Number of trips per transport segment</td><td>Unit</td><td>perational records, conservative justified estimates</td></tr><tr><td>Transport stage, mobile, **<br>fuel amount approach</td><td>Vehicle type</td><td>Category</td><td>Vehicle documents or photos</td></tr><tr><td>Transport stage, stationary</td><td><p>Type of stationary transport process, e.g. </p><ul><li>intermediate storage</li><li>processing</li></ul></td><td>Text description</td><td>Internal process documents</td></tr><tr><td>Transport stage, stationary</td><td><p>Type of input used by stationary transport process, e.g. </p><ul><li>fuel</li><li>electricity</li></ul></td><td>Text description</td><td>Internal process documents</td></tr><tr><td>Transport stage, stationary</td><td>Amount of fuel or energy used by stationary transport process</td><td>liter, kWh, MWh, GWh </td><td>Meter readings, bills, internal tracking documents, invoices</td></tr><tr><td>Transport stage, stationary</td><td><p>Item type*, e.g.</p><ul><li>container</li></ul></td><td>Selection</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>Transport stage, stationary</td><td>Material type* </td><td>Selection</td><td>Technical specifications, bill of materials, invoices, building design documents</td></tr><tr><td>Transport stage, stationary</td><td>Material amount*</td><td>kg, tonne, m<sup>3</sup></td><td>same as above</td></tr><tr><td>Transport stage, stationary</td><td>Item lifetime* (optional)</td><td>years</td><td>same as above</td></tr><tr><td>Transport stage, stationary</td><td>List of items that were excluded*</td><td>Selection</td><td>Description of the system and transparent justification</td></tr><tr><td>CO<sub>2</sub> storage</td><td><p>Type of storage process, e.g.</p><ul><li>pumping</li><li>injection</li><li>monitoring</li></ul></td><td>Text description</td><td>Internal process documents</td></tr><tr><td>CO<sub>2</sub> storage</td><td><p>Type of input used by storage process, e.g.</p><ul><li>fuel</li><li>electricity</li></ul></td><td>Text description</td><td>Internal process documents</td></tr><tr><td>CO<sub>2</sub> storage</td><td>Amount of energy used by storage process</td><td>liter, kWh, MWh, GWh</td><td>Bills, internal tracking documents, invoices</td></tr><tr><td>CO<sub>2</sub> storage</td><td><p>Item type*, e.g.</p><ul><li>injection well</li><li>monitoring well</li><li>container</li></ul></td><td>Selection</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>CO<sub>2</sub> storage</td><td>Material type*</td><td>Selection</td><td>Technical specifications, bill of materials, invoices, building design documents</td></tr><tr><td>CO<sub>2</sub> storage</td><td>Material amount*</td><td>kg, tonne, m<sup>3</sup></td><td>same as above</td></tr><tr><td>CO<sub>2</sub> storage</td><td>Item lifetime* (optional)</td><td>years</td><td>same as above</td></tr><tr><td>CO<sub>2</sub> storage</td><td>List of items that were excluded*</td><td>Selection</td><td>Description of the system and transparent justification</td></tr></tbody></table>

</details>

<details>

<summary>Greenfield projects: CO2 generation</summary>

In BioCCS Greenfield projects, carbon capture and the primary products or services of the facility are co-designed. CO<sub>2</sub> is considered a co-product rather than a byproduct, and is allocated a share of emissions from its generation.&#x20;

The following data shall be provided.&#x20;

*Table 4: Summary of **emission data needed from greenfield projects** and their source for initial project certification and validation. All data sources listed here are required to be monitored and updated during verification (see Monitoring Plan section). Those marked with an asterisk (\*) shall be provided once, during validation. Note that only one of the approaches marked with two asterisks (\*\*) is required for reporting transport data.*

<table><thead><tr><th width="164">Stage</th><th>Parameter</th><th width="145">Unit</th><th>Source</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>CO<sub>2</sub> generation </td><td>Economic allocation fraction for CO<sub>2</sub> generation</td><td>fraction </td><td>Calculated using prevailing market prices</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass production (non-waste)</td><td>Amount of biomass produced, per type</td><td>kg</td><td>Operational records, conservative justified estimates</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass processing</td><td>Amount of biomass processed, per type</td><td>kg </td><td>Operational records, conservative justified estimates</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass processing</td><td>Amount and type of energy and material used in processing step, if no appropriate emission factor available </td><td>kg, liter, kWh, MWh, GWh</td><td>Meter readings, bills, internal tracking documents, invoices</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass transport, distance based approach**</td><td>Biomass transported</td><td>kg</td><td>Operational records, conservative justified estimates</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass transport, distance based approach**</td><td>Distance traveled</td><td>km</td><td>Operational records, conservative justified estimates</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass transport, distance based approach**</td><td>Vehicle type</td><td>Category</td><td>Vehicle documents, photos</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass transport, fuel amount based approach**</td><td>Fuel quantity consumed</td><td>kg or kWh</td><td>Operational records, conservative justified estimates</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass transport, fuel amount based approach**</td><td>Fuel type and (optional) geography</td><td>Category</td><td>Operational records, conservative justified estimates</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass transport, fuel amount based approach**</td><td>Number of trips</td><td>Unit</td><td>Operational records, conservative justified estimates</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass transport, fuel amount based approach**</td><td>Vehicle type</td><td>Category</td><td>Vehicle documents, photos</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass storage</td><td>Amount biomass stored, per type </td><td>kg</td><td>Operational records, conservative justified estimates</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass storage</td><td>Time biomass is stored, per type</td><td><ul><li>manure, slurry: days</li><li>other: months (rounded up)</li></ul></td><td>Operational records, conservative justified estimates</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass storage</td><td>Carbon content of biomass stored (for biomass other than manure or slurry)</td><td>mass%</td><td>Measurements, conservative justified estimates</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass conversion</td><td>Amount of biomass converted </td><td>kg</td><td>Operational records</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass conversion</td><td>Amount of energy used in biomass conversion </td><td>kWh, MWh, GWh</td><td>Meter readings, bills, internal tracking documents, invoices</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass conversion </td><td>Amount of material used in biomass conversion </td><td>kg, liter</td><td>Meter readings, bills, internal tracking documents, invoices</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass conversion </td><td>Amount of fugitive emissions (e.g. CH<sub>4</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O) from biomass conversion </td><td>tCO<sub>2</sub> eq / t biomass </td><td>Flue gas measurements, conservative justified estimates</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass conversion, embodied emissions (only for biogas sites, simplified approach)</td><td>External volume of site's main digester*</td><td>m<sup>3</sup></td><td>Licensing or official design document containing this parameter</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass conversion, embodied emissions</td><td>Item type*</td><td>Selection</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass conversion, embodied emissions</td><td>Material type*</td><td>Selection</td><td>Technical specifications, bill of materials, invoices, building design documents</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass conversion, embodied emissions</td><td>Material amount*</td><td>kg, tonne, m<sup>3</sup></td><td>same as above</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass conversion, embodied emissions</td><td>Item lifetime (optional)*</td><td>years</td><td>same as above</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass conversion, embodied emissions</td><td>List of items that were excluded*</td><td>Selection</td><td>Description of the system and transparent justification</td></tr></tbody></table>

</details>

<details>

<summary>Greenfield projects: parasitic load</summary>

In a BioCCS project, the energy consumed by the CO<sub>2</sub> capture process may be sourced internally from the facility's own energy output. Emissions from this so called parasitic load are allocated to the project.&#x20;

The following data shall be provided.

*Table 5: Summary of emission data needed from **greenfield projects** to calculate **parasitic load emissions** and their source for initial project certification and validation. All data sources listed here are required to be monitored and updated during verification (see Monitoring Plan section).*&#x20;

| Parameter                                               | Unit     | Source                                      |
| ------------------------------------------------------- | -------- | ------------------------------------------- |
| Electricity consumed by capture unit                    | kWh, MJ  | Meter readings, internal tracking documents |
| Total electricity produced by facility                  | kWh, MJ  | Operational records                         |
| Heat consumed by capture unit                           | kWh, MJ  | Meter readings, internal tracking documents |
| Total heat produced by facility                         | kWh, MJ  | Operational records                         |
| Average temperature of  heat                            | K        | Temperature measurements                    |
| Economic allocation fraction for electricity production | Fraction | Calculated using prevailing market prices   |
| Economic allocation fraction for heat production        | Fraction | Calculated using prevailing market prices   |

</details>

<details>

<summary>Retrofit projects: parasitic load </summary>

In a BioCCS project, the energy consumed by the CO<sub>2</sub> capture process may be sourced internally from the facility's own energy output. Emissions from this so called parasitic load are allocated to the project.&#x20;

The following data shall be provided.

*Table 6: Summary of emission data needed from **retrofit projects** to calculate **parasitic load emissions** and their source for initial project certification and validation. All data sources listed here are required to be monitored and updated during verification (see Monitoring Plan section). Note that only one of the approaches marked with an asterisk (\*) is required to calculate parasitic load emissions.*&#x20;

| Parameter                                                                               | Unit                                              | Source                                      |
| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- |
| Electricity consumed by capture unit                                                    | kWh, MJ                                           | Meter readings, internal tracking documents |
| Total electricity produced by facility                                                  | kWh, MJ                                           | Operational records                         |
| Heat consumed by capture unit                                                           | kWh, MJ                                           | Meter readings, internal tracking documents |
| Total heat produced by facility                                                         | kWh, MJ                                           | Operational records                         |
| Average temperature of  heat                                                            | K                                                 | Temperature measurements                    |
| <p>Verified emission factor for facility electricity production,<br>Site approach\*</p> | kWh/ tCO<sub>2</sub> eq or MJ/ tCO<sub>2</sub> eq | Official facility certifications            |
| <p>Verified emission factor for facility heat production,<br>Site approach\*</p>        | kWh/ tCO<sub>2</sub> eq or MJ/ tCO<sub>2</sub> eq | Official facility certifications            |
| <p>Total biomass input of facility,<br>Biomass-based approach\*</p>                     | tonnes                                            | Operational records                         |
| <p>Parameters from Table 7, <br>Biomass-based approach\* </p>                           | NA                                                | See table 7 below                           |

For the calculation of the parasitic load using the biomass-based approach, the following data is required.&#x20;

*Table 7 Summary of emission data needed from **retrofit projects** to calculate **parasitic load emissions using the biomass-based approach** and their source for initial project certification and validation. All data sources listed here are required to be monitored and updated during verification (see Monitoring Plan section). Those marked with an asterisk (\*) shall be provided once, during validation. Note that only one of the approaches marked with two asterisks (\*\*) is required for reporting transport data.*

<table><thead><tr><th width="164">Stage</th><th>Parameter</th><th width="145">Unit</th><th>Source</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>CO<sub>2</sub> generation </td><td>Economic allocation fraction for CO<sub>2</sub> generation</td><td>fraction </td><td>Calculated using prevailing market prices</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass production (non-waste)</td><td>Amount of biomass produced, per type</td><td>kg</td><td>Operational records, conservative justified estimates</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass processing</td><td>Amount of biomass processed, per type</td><td>kg </td><td>Operational records, conservative justified estimates</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass processing</td><td>Amount and type of energy and material used in processing step, if no appropriate emission factor available </td><td>kg, liter, kWh, MWh, GWh</td><td>Meter readings, bills, internal tracking documents, invoices</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass transport, distance based approach**</td><td>Biomass transported</td><td>kg</td><td>Operational records, conservative justified estimates</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass transport, distance based approach**</td><td>Distance traveled</td><td>km</td><td>Operational records, conservative justified estimates</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass transport, distance based approach**</td><td>Vehicle type</td><td>Category</td><td>Vehicle documents, photos</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass transport, fuel amount based approach**</td><td>Fuel quantity consumed</td><td>kg or kWh</td><td>Operational records, conservative justified estimates</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass transport, fuel amount based approach**</td><td>Fuel type and (optional) geography</td><td>Category</td><td>Operational records, conservative justified estimates</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass transport, fuel amount based approach**</td><td>Number of trips</td><td>Unit</td><td>Operational records, conservative justified estimates</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass transport, fuel amount based approach**</td><td>Vehicle type</td><td>Category</td><td>Vehicle documents, photos</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass storage</td><td>Amount biomass stored, per type </td><td>kg</td><td>Operational records, conservative justified estimates</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass storage</td><td>Time biomass is stored, per type</td><td><ul><li>manure, slurry: days</li><li>other: months (rounded up)</li></ul></td><td>Operational records, conservative justified estimates</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass storage</td><td>Carbon content of biomass stored (for biomass other than manure or slurry)</td><td>mass%</td><td>Measurements, conservative justified estimates</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass conversion</td><td>Amount of biomass converted </td><td>kg</td><td>Operational records</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass conversion</td><td>Amount of energy used in biomass conversion </td><td>kWh, MWh, GWh</td><td>Meter readings, bills, internal tracking documents, invoices</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass conversion </td><td>Amount of material used in biomass conversion </td><td>kg, liter</td><td>Meter readings, bills, internal tracking documents, invoices</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass conversion </td><td>Amount of fugitive emissions (e.g. CH<sub>4</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O) from biomass conversion </td><td>tCO<sub>2</sub> eq / t biomass </td><td>Flue gas measurements, conservative justified estimates</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass conversion, embodied emissions (only for biogas sites, simplified approach)</td><td>External volume of site's main digester*</td><td>m<sup>3</sup></td><td>Licensing or official design document containing this parameter</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass conversion, embodied emissions</td><td>Item type*</td><td>Selection</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass conversion, embodied emissions</td><td>Material type*</td><td>Selection</td><td>Technical specifications, bill of materials, invoices, building design documents</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass conversion, embodied emissions</td><td>Material amount*</td><td>kg, tonne, m<sup>3</sup></td><td>same as above</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass conversion, embodied emissions</td><td>Item lifetime (optional)*</td><td>years</td><td>same as above</td></tr><tr><td>Biomass conversion, embodied emissions</td><td>List of items that were excluded*</td><td>Selection</td><td>Description of the system and transparent justification</td></tr></tbody></table>

</details>

#### Secondary data

<details>

<summary>Biomass storage emissions: secondary data </summary>

The table below specifies secondary data for the calculation of biomass storage emissions.&#x20;

*Table 8 Summary of cow and chicken manure characteristics (from* [*Esnouf et al., 2021* ](#user-content-fn-4)[^4]*unless otherwise stated).*

<table><thead><tr><th>Parameter</th><th width="174">Value for Chicken</th><th>Value for Cow</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Fresh matter as nitrogen (%)</td><td><a data-footnote-ref href="#user-content-fn-5">1.4</a></td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Dry matter in manure (%)</td><td>-</td><td>24</td></tr><tr><td>Dry matter as nitrogen (%)</td><td>-</td><td>2.7</td></tr><tr><td>Nitrogen lost as N<sub>2</sub>O per 180 days of storage (%)</td><td>2</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Rate of N<sub>2</sub>O released from manure spreading (kgN<sub>2</sub>O/t of manure spread)</td><td>0.177</td><td>0.177</td></tr><tr><td><a data-footnote-ref href="#user-content-fn-6">Biochemical methane potential (BMP) (m<sup>3</sup> CH<sub>4</sub>/tonne fresh manure)</a></td><td>86</td><td>51</td></tr><tr><td>Methane emissions during storage (as % of BMP)</td><td>1.5</td><td>1.5</td></tr></tbody></table>

*Table 9 Summary of slurry characteristics (from* [*Esnouf et al., 2021* ](#user-content-fn-4)[^4]*unless otherwise stated).*

<table><thead><tr><th width="443">Parameter</th><th>Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Dry matter in slurry (%)</td><td>4.27</td></tr><tr><td>Dry matter as nitrogen (%)</td><td>7.11</td></tr><tr><td>Nitrogen lost as N<sub>2</sub>O per 180 days of storage (%)</td><td>0.08</td></tr><tr><td>Rate of N<sub>2O</sub> released from slurry spreading (kgN<sub>2</sub>O/t of manure spread)</td><td>0.057</td></tr><tr><td><a data-footnote-ref href="#user-content-fn-6">Biochemical methane potential (BMP) (m<sup>3</sup> CH<sub>4</sub>/tonne fresh slurry)</a></td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td>Methane emissions during storage (as % of BMP)</td><td>36</td></tr></tbody></table>

</details>

The [ecoinvent database](#user-content-fn-7)[^7] version 3.12 (hereafter referred to as ecoinvent) shall be the main source of emission factors unless otherwise specified. Ecoinvent is preferred because it is traceable, reliable, and well-recognized. The ecoinvent processes selected are detailed in [Appendix 1](#appendix).&#x20;

## Assumptions  <a href="#id-4l7lx2ihb6hj" id="id-4l7lx2ihb6hj"></a>

* The [Baseline scope](/~/changes/229/methodologies/biogenic-carbon-capture-and-storage-bioccs/eligibility-and-scope.md#project-scope-1) assumes that there are no carbon removals in the absence of the project.&#x20;
* In the [Leakage](/~/changes/229/methodologies/biogenic-carbon-capture-and-storage-bioccs/principles-and-requirements.md#lc9eewbyvlyk-2) assessment, for feedstock whose alternative fate **is not** to be incinerated or used in energy combustion, a **default minimum** 0.5% of the carbon in the biomass feedstock is assumed to be stored in the counterfactual biomass fate, if the project-specific assessment concludes 0 counterfactual carbon storage.
* For the calculation of the project's gross removals for a **non-segregated stream**, it is assumed that the proportion of eligible CO<sub>2</sub> in the captured stream, $$F\_{B}$$,  does not change during transport and storage. This allows for the application of the factor $$F\_{B}$$ to all three terms in equation 5.&#x20;
* For retrofits to biogas production sites, embodied emissions from infrastructure and machinery of the underlying site are modeled and extrapolated from the main digester exterior volume and buildings and main infrastructure at the underlying biogas site have an assumed lifetime of 20 years.
* For projects sourcing CO<sub>2</sub> from anaerobic digestion of manure or slurry
  * Emissions of N<sub>2</sub>O and methane due to manure and slurry storage before the digestion process are linearly related to the amount of days manure and slurry are stored on site. If Project Developers do not have an estimation of this value, an average of 15 days is assumed. In the baseline scenario, this is assumed to be 180 days.
  * Emissions of N<sub>2</sub>O from slurry storage [*are sufficiently small (0.01-0.05% life cycle GHG emissions)*](#user-content-fn-4)[^4] that they can be excluded. This is because N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from slurry storage are generally small, plus the shortened storage duration in the project scenario minimizes them further.
  * Manure and slurry from pigs, horses, sheep, and other animals are modeled using the same characteristics as cow manure. Only chicken manure is treated differently, due to its high nitrogen content (Table 8 and 9).

## Baseline scenario <a href="#ly65klblzpa9" id="ly65klblzpa9"></a>

A project's [Baseline scope](/~/changes/229/methodologies/biogenic-carbon-capture-and-storage-bioccs/eligibility-and-scope.md#project-scope-1) is either a retrofit/addition on top of an existing site, or a greenfield, i.e. the installation of a new site. For both scopes, this methodology has a standardized baseline of 0 tCO<sub>2</sub>eq stored from BioCCS. Therefore, there are no GHG quantifications for the baseline scenario.&#x20;

Note that baseline carbon storage from alternate biomass use is treated in this methodology under [leakage](#quantification-of-leakage-emissions).

## Project scenario <a href="#i4figd8ytjua" id="i4figd8ytjua"></a>

The project scenario is broken down into four main life cycle stages, detailed in the following sections and shown in the figures below

* CO<sub>2</sub> removal
* Emissions from CO<sub>2</sub> capture
* Emissions from CO<sub>2</sub> transport
* Emissions from CO<sub>2</sub> storage

Figure 1 shows the system diagram of a greenfield project.

Figure 2 shows the system diagram of a retrofit project sourcing no additional biomass above it's baseline consumption (see [baseline biomass fraction](#user-content-fn-8)[^8]). Figure 3 shows that of a retrofit project sourcing additional biomass (see [additional biomass fraction](#user-content-fn-8)[^8]).&#x20;

<figure><img src="/files/rA9Jno6is5mxZ25t7vBi" alt=""><figcaption><p><em>Figure 1: System diagram for a greenfield BioCCS project. Emissions from the generation of CO2 are allocated to the project based on the economic value of the co-products (i.e. CO</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>, bioenergy, other services).</em></p></figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="/files/3XQwYwyEFik6XjpL1GOv" alt=""><figcaption><p><em>Figure 2: System diagram of a retrofit BioCCS project sourcing no additional biomass. If applicable, the parasitic load energy demand is covered by the baseline energy generation, resulting in a reduced output of that energy. Emissions associated with the generation of the share of energy are allocated to the project.</em>  </p></figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="/files/AL7PjMjiJOpyoTp4Emh0" alt=""><figcaption><p><em>Figure 3: System diagram of a retrofit BioCCS project sourcing biomass additional to its baseline consumption, for example to compensate for the parasitic load energy demand. Any emissions associated with the sourcing of the additional biomass (i.e. direct and indirect emissions, CO</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em> generation emissions) are allocated to the project. For simplification, the emission sources for baseline and additional biomass are not further specified in the scheme but correspond to those depicted the Figure 2.</em> </p></figcaption></figure>

The total net carbon removal of the BioCCS project is calculated according to equation 1.

$$\textbf{(Eq.1)}\ Net\ Removal = R\_{baseline}-R\_{project}-E\_{project}$$

* $$R\_{baseline}$$ represents any baseline GHG removals, representing permanent storage that would have occurred in the absence of the project, in tonnes of CO<sub>2</sub>eq. According to the [Baseline scope](/~/changes/229/methodologies/biogenic-carbon-capture-and-storage-bioccs/eligibility-and-scope.md#project-scope-1), no removals are considered in the absence of the project, hence $$R\_{baseline} = 0$$.
* $$R\_{project}$$ represents the project's gross GHG removals, in tonnes of CO<sub>2</sub>eq. Its sign is negative.
* $$E\_{project}$$ represents the project's total induced GHG emissions across the project life cycle including leakage emissions if applicable, in tonnes of CO<sub>2</sub>eq. Its sign is positive.

The project's gross GHG removals $$R\_{project}$$ are quantified using equation 2:

$$\textbf{(Eq.2)}\ R\_{Project} =\sum\_{i\ = 1}^{n}(CO\_{2 \ biogenic, \ injected, \ i}) \ \* \ F\_{RCC}$$

* $$CO\_{2 \ biogenic, \ injected, \ i}$$ represents the amount of eligible CO<sub>2</sub> injected at each storage site *i* in tCO<sub>2</sub>. It is calculated using equations 4 or 5, and detailed in the [Project CO<sub>2</sub> removal](#project-co2-removal) section. Its sign is negative.
* $$F\_{RCC}$$ represents the fraction of eligible biogenic CO<sub>2</sub> captured by the project and dedicated by the Project Developers to the generation of RCC[^9]s and not used for other mitigation purposes.
* It is multiplied by -1 to have a negative sign. &#x20;

The project's total induced GHG emissions are calculated according to equation 3:

$$\textbf{(Eq.3)}\ E\_{project} = E\_{capture}+E\_{transport}+E\_{storage}$$

* $$E\_{capture}$$ represents the project's GHG emissions in the capture stage, in tonnes of CO<sub>2</sub>eq. Its sign is positive.
* $$E\_{transport}$$ represents the project's GHG emissions in the transport stage, in tonnes of CO<sub>2</sub>eq. Its sign is positive.
* $$E\_{storage}$$ represents the project's GHG emissions in the storage stage, in tonnes of CO<sub>2</sub>eq. Its sign is positive.

## Project CO<sub>2</sub> removal

Depending on whether or not the project's captured CO<sub>2</sub> stream is at all times segregated from other CO<sub>2</sub> streams in the capture, transport and storage facilities, different approaches for the calculation of the injected eligible CO<sub>2</sub> shall be applied.&#x20;

{% tabs %}
{% tab title="Segregated stream " %}
If the project's CO<sub>2</sub> injected at the storage site can be directly attributable to the BioCCS project (i.e. the captured CO<sub>2</sub> stream is at all times segregated from other streams), the Project Developer shall **use documentation from the storage site operator** certifying the gross volume of injected CO<sub>2</sub> attributed to the project.&#x20;

If such certification is provided, fugitive emissions from CO2 transport and loss do not need to be estimated, and the amount of eligible CO<sub>2</sub> injected at storage site *i* is calculated as:

$$\textbf{(Eq.4)}\ CO\_{2 \ biogenic, \ injected, \ i} =  CO\_{2 \ total, \ injected, \ i} \ \*\ F\_B$$

* $$CO\_{2 \ total, \ injected, \ i}$$ represents the total amount of CO<sub>2</sub> injected at the storage site *i*, attributed to the BioCCS project, in tCO<sub>2</sub>. It is calculated using equation 6 or 7, below. Its sign is negative.
* $$F\_B$$ represents the fraction of biogenic CO<sub>2</sub> captured to total CO<sub>2</sub> captured at the capture site. In other words, it represents the fraction of the CO<sub>2</sub> stream eligible for RCC[^9]s. See [Biogenic CO2 fraction](#eligible-co2-fraction) for details on the calculation.
  {% endtab %}

{% tab title="Non-segregated stream" %}
If the project's CO<sub>2</sub> injected at the storage site **cannot** be directly attributable to the BioCCS project, due to logistical or other operational reasons (i.e. the captured CO<sub>2</sub> stream is mixed with streams from other sources after leaving the captures site), the calculation of the eligible CO<sub>2</sub> injected at storage site is based on data from the capture site corrected with fugitive emissions of CO<sub>2</sub> from transport and storage:

$$\textbf{(Eq.5)}\ CO\_{2 \ biogenic, \ injected} =  F\_B\ \*  (CO\_{2 \ total, \ captured} \ + CO\_{2 \ transport\ losses } \ + \ CO\_{2 \ storage \ losses})$$

* $$F\_B$$ represents the fraction of biogenic CO<sub>2</sub> captured to total CO<sub>2</sub> captured at the capture site. In other words, it represents the fraction of the CO<sub>2</sub> stream eligible for RCC[^10]s. See [Biogenic CO2 fraction](#eligible-co2-fraction) for details on the calculation.
* $$CO\_{2 \ total, \ captured}$$ represents the total amount of CO<sub>2</sub> captured at the capture site, in tCO<sub>2</sub>.  It is calculated using equation 6 or 7, below. Its sign is negative.
* $$CO\_{2 \ transport\ losses }$$ represents the amount of project CO<sub>2</sub> lost during transport from the capture to the storage site, in tCO<sub>2</sub>. Its sign is positive.&#x20;
* $$CO\_{2 \ storage\ losses }$$ represents the amount of project CO<sub>2</sub> lost at the storage site prior to entering permanent geological storage, in tCO<sub>2</sub>. Its sign is positive.  &#x20;

To measure and report $$CO\_{2 \ transport\ losses }$$ and $$CO\_{2 \ storage\ losses }$$, the following methods are recommended, but other methods suggested by the Project Developer may be considered on a case by case basis:

* **Difference in CO**<sub>**2**</sub>**&#x20;shipped/received:** For the transport stage, Project Developers record the amount of eligible CO<sub>2</sub> leaving the capture site, and the amount entering the storage site. For the storage stage, Project Developers record the amount of CO<sub>2</sub> leaving the transport infrastructure, and the amount entering permanent storage. Any difference is assumed to be leaked during transport.&#x20;
* **Literature-based leakage rates:** Project Developers may propose conservative leakage rates from scientific literature, if they are well documented, from reputable sources, and are representative of the project-specific technology.

{% hint style="info" %}
If a project captures CO<sub>2</sub> from a mixed stream containing both biogenic and fossil CO<sub>2</sub>, fugitive emissions from transport and storage shall be proportionally assigned based on the share of CO<sub>2</sub> input from each source, $$F\_B$$.
{% endhint %}
{% endtab %}
{% endtabs %}

<details>

<summary>Calculation: Total amount of CO<sub>2</sub> captured / injected, <span class="math">\ CO_{2 \ total, \ captured\ /\ injected}</span></summary>

To quantify the total CO<sub>2</sub> captured or injected during the monitoring period (in tCO<sub>2</sub>), Project Developers shall use either mass flow measurements or volumetric flow and density measurements of the stream, in both cases combined with CO<sub>2</sub> concentration measurements.

**Mass flow measurement approach**:

$$\textbf{(Eq.6)}\ CO\_{2 \ total, \ captured\ /\ injected} = \sum\_{i\ = 1}^{N}(m\_{stream, \ i}\ \*\ F\_{mass,\ CO2,\ i} )$$

* $$\ CO\_{2 \ total, \ captured\ /\ injected}$$ represents the total amount of CO<sub>2</sub> captured or injected during the monitoring period of $$N$$ days, in tCO<sub>2</sub>.
* &#x20;$$m\_{stream, \ i}$$ represents the aggregated mass flow of the stream on day $$i$$ , in tonnes.
* &#x20;$$F\_{mass,\ CO2,\ i}$$ the [**weighted average**](#user-content-fn-11)[^11] **daily concentration** of CO<sub>2</sub> in the stream, in wt%. See equation 8 for more details on the calculation.&#x20;

**Volumetric flow and density measurement approach**:

$$\textbf{(Eq.7)}\ CO\_{2 \ total, \ captured\ /\ injected} = \sum\_{i\ = 1}^{n}(V\_{stream, \ i}\ \*\rho\_{stream} \*\ F\_{mass,\ CO2,\ i})$$

* $$\ CO\_{2 \ total, \ captured\ /\ injected}$$ represents the total amount of CO<sub>2</sub> captured or injected during the monitoring period of $$N$$ days, in tCO<sub>2</sub>.
* $$V\_{stream,\ i}$$  represents the aggregated volumetric flow of the stream on day $$i$$, at standard temperature and pressure, in m<sup>3</sup>. See equation 9 for conversion from operating to standard conditions.&#x20;
* $$\rho\_{stream}$$ represents the density of the stream at standard temperature and pressure, in t/m<sup>3</sup>. See equation 9 for conversion from operating to standard conditions.&#x20;
* &#x20;$$F\_{mass,\ CO2,\ i}$$ the [**weighted average**](#user-content-fn-11)[^11] **daily concentration** of CO<sub>2</sub> in the stream at standard temperature and pressure, in wt%. See equation 8 for more details on the calculation.&#x20;

If not measured directly, the **concentration of CO**<sub>**2**</sub>**&#x20;as weight percent** shall be derived from the measured mole fraction as per the following equation.

$$\textbf{(Eq.8)}\ F\_{mass,\ CO2,\ i}= \frac {M\_{CO2}*X\_{CO2}}{\sum\_{k\ = 1}^{n} M\_k*X\_k}$$&#x20;

* $$M\_{CO2}$$ represents the molar mass of CO<sub>2</sub> (44.01 g/mol),
* $$X\_{CO2}$$ represents the mol fraction of CO<sub>2,</sub> in % mole,
* $$M\_{k}$$ represents the molar mass of component $$k$$ in the stream, in g/mol,
* $$X\_{k}$$ represents the mole fraction of component $$k$$ in the stream, in % mole.

Measurements of volumetric flow or volume-derived parameters (i.e. density) shall be reported under **standard temperature and pressure conditions, STP**. Since these conditions vary between standards, jurisdictions and industries, Project Developers shall choose an appropriate definition and use it consistently. Volumetric flow measured under operating conditions $$p,T$$ shall be converted into STP conditions using:

$$\textbf{(Eq.9)}\ V\_{STP} =({V\_{p,\ T}\ \*\rho\_{p,\ T})/ \rho\_{STP}}$$

* $$V\_{STP}$$ represents the volumetric flow under standard conditions, STP, in m<sup>3</sup>.
* $$V\_{p,T}$$ represents the volumetric flow under operating conditions, in m<sup>3</sup>.
* $$\rho\_{STP}$$ represents the density of the flow under standard conditions, STP in t/m<sup>3</sup>.
* $$\rho\_{p,\ T}$$ represents the density of the flow under operating conditions, in t/m<sup>3</sup><sup><sub>.<sub></sup>

This conversion shall be applied at the data collection stage. Project Developers shall do this conversion outside of the GHG quantification equations, and submit converted data and the chosen standard conditions into the removal calculations (with justification/proof of work).

</details>

#### Biogenic CO<sub>2</sub> fraction&#x20;

If the feedstock is 100% [eligible biomass](/~/changes/229/methodologies/biogenic-carbon-capture-and-storage-bioccs/eligibility-and-scope.md#eligible-biomass), $$F\_B$$ shall be set to 1. Project Developers shall rule out any ineligible sources of CO<sub>2</sub> in the captured stream through [operational data records](#user-content-fn-12)[^12].

If the feedstock includes a share of fossil-based material, and generates a stream of mixed fossil and biogenic CO<sub>2</sub>, then Project Developers shall determine $$F\_B$$  using either

* a mass balance approach of material inputs by type for every monitoring period, or
* continuous C14 testing over a representative period of time, following ISO 13833 or ASTM D6866 standard test methods, or
* other standards and analytical methods, subject to approval by Rainbow and the VVB.

Credits shall only be issued for the permanently stored **biogenic part** of the captured CO<sub>2</sub> stream. &#x20;

## Capture stage emissions

Sources of GHG emissions from the CO<sub>2</sub> capture stage are described in the following sections

### Emissions from CO<sub>2</sub> generation

CO<sub>2</sub> is one of the main inputs to the project scenario. It may be considered a waste and enter the project system boundary burden-free, or be considered a co-product of the underlying system and be allocated a share of emissions from its generation.&#x20;

Depending on the baseline scenario, emissions from the underlying facility operations up to the point where CO<sub>2</sub> and the primary product [physically separate](#user-content-fn-13)[^13] shall be handled according to the following requirements:&#x20;

**Retrofit projects:** Prior to the retrofit, the CO<sub>2</sub> was generated anyway, not used, and was treated as a waste stream (e.g. vented to atmosphere). The generation of CO<sub>2</sub> is therefore considered **burden-free**, and no emissions from CO<sub>2</sub> generation at the underlying facility operations are attributed to the BioCCS project.

**Greenfield projects:** If carbon capture and primary production are co-designed, the facility simultaneously produces CO<sub>2</sub> and one or more primary products or services. All operational and embodied emissions up to the point of physical separation of these co-products shall be allocated between them in proportion to their respective **economic values**. The economic value of the co-products shall be calculated using prevailing market prices during the monitoring period. Project Developers shall document the prices used and provide justification for their representativeness.

Emissions sources include:

* biomass production (non-waste biomass);
* biomass processing
* biomass transport;
* biomass storage;
* biomass conversion
  * energy and material inputs for the conversion of biomass into the CO<sub>2</sub> and the co-product, including material waste disposal;&#x20;
  * fugitive emissions from the biomass conversion process (e.g. CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O leaks from anaerobic digestion);
  * embodied emissions from infrastructure and machinery.

<details>

<summary>Calculation of emissions from CO2 generation</summary>

Emissions shall be calculated following equation 10

$$\textbf{(Eq.10)} \ E\_{CO2\ generation } = F\_{economic, CO2}\*E\_{co-products}$$

* $$E\_{CO2\ generation }$$ represents the emissions allocated to the generation of CO<sub>2</sub> in a greenfield projects, in tCO<sub>2</sub> eq.
* $$F\_{economic, CO2}$$ represents the economic value allocation fraction for CO<sub>2</sub> generation.
* $$E\_{co-products }$$ represents all operational and embodied emissions up to the point of physical separation of the co-products, and is defined in equation 11 below

$$\textbf{(Eq.11)} \ E\_{co-products} = E\_{b, production}+ E\_{b, processing}+E\_{b, transport}+E\_{b, storage}+E\_{b, conversion}$$

* $$E\_{b, production}$$ represents the emissions from biomass production, in tCO<sub>2</sub> eq.
* $$E\_{b, processing}$$ represents the emissions from biomass processing, in tCO<sub>2</sub> eq.
* $$E\_{b, transport}$$ represents the emissions from biomass transport, in tCO<sub>2</sub> eq.
* $$E\_{b, storage}$$ represents the emissions from biomass storage, in tCO<sub>2</sub> eq.
* $$E\_{b, conversion}$$ represents the emissions from biomass production, in tCO<sub>2</sub> eq.

The emissions from biomass production, processing, transport, storage and conversion shall be calculated according to the rules set out in [Calculation of biomass emissions](#calculation-of-biomass-emissions).

</details>

### Emissions from energy use

Energy consumed solely by the CO<sub>2</sub> capture process is attributed in full to the BioCCS project. This energy may be sourced externally, or drawn internally from the facility's own energy output (**parasitic load**).

#### **External energy**

Emissions are calculated by multiplying the amount energy consumed with the emission factor for the relevant energy source (grid electricity, heat or fuel combustion). See the [Processing and energy use module](/~/changes/229/modules/processing-and-energy-use.md) for details on the calculations.

#### **Internal energy/Parasitic load**

Project Developers shall report the parasitic load as a fraction of total facility energy output according to Eq 12. For facilities producing only electricity or only heat, the term corresponding to the absent energy output is set to zero, and the equation reduces to a single term.

$$\textbf{(Eq.12)} F\_{Parasitic\ load} = \frac{C\_{elec} \* Q\_{elec, capture} + C\_{heat} \* Q\_{heat, capture}}{C\_{elec}\* Q\_{elec, total} + C\_{heat} \* Q\_{heat, total}}$$

* $$F\_{Parasitic\ load}$$ represents the parasitic load fraction.&#x20;
* $$C\_{elec}$$ represents the exergy fraction of electricity, set to 1.
* $$Q\_{elec, capture}$$ represents the electricity consumed by the capture unit, in kWh or MJ.
* $$Q\_{elec, total}$$ represents the total electricity output of the facility, in kWh or MJ.&#x20;
* $$C\_{heat}$$ represents the Carnot efficiency of the heat, defined as $$(T\_{heat} - T\_0) / T\_{heat}$$, where $$T\_{heat}$$ is the average temperature of the heat in K, and $$T\_0$$ is the ambient temperature,  273.15 K.
* $$Q\_{heat, capture}$$ represents the heat consumed by the capture unit, in kWh or MJ.
* $$Q\_{heat, total}$$ represents the total heat output of the facility, in kWh or MJ.&#x20;

Depending on the baseline scenario, emissions from parasitic load shall be calculated according to the following requirements:

{% tabs %}
{% tab title="Retrofit" %}
In a retrofit scenario, the parasitic load demand can either be covered by&#x20;

* the baseline energy production (i.e. consumption of the baseline biomass), reducing the total facility energy output, or&#x20;
* sourcing additional biomass to compensate for the energy used internally, without reducing the total facility energy output.&#x20;

Regardless of how the parasitic load demand is covered, associated emissions shall be calculated following one of the approaches below.&#x20;

{% hint style="warning" %}
CRCF requirement: Project Developers shall **only use the biomass-based calculation approach** to determine emissions from parasitic load demand.&#x20;
{% endhint %}

**Site's energy emission factor**

Where a [verified emission factor](#user-content-fn-14)[^14] for the energy produced by the facility is available, Project Developers may use this value and multiply with the parasitic load **demand**, i.e the electricity or heat consumed by the capture unit $$Q\_{elec, capture}$$ or $$Q\_{heat, heat}$$, to determine parasitic load emissions, provided full justification and underlying calculations are submitted.

$$\textbf{(Eq.13)} E\_{Parasitic \ load} =Q\_{elec, \ capture}\*EF\_{electricity \ production }+Q\_{heat, \ capture}\*EF\_{heat \ production }$$

* $$E\_{Parasitic \ load}$$ represents the parasitic load emissions, in tCO<sub>2</sub> eq.
* $$Q\_{elec, \ capture}$$ represents the electricity consumed by the capture unit, in kWh or MJ.
* $$Q\_{heat, \ capture}$$ represents the heat consumed by the capture unit, in kWh or MJ.
* $$EF\_{electricity \ production }$$ represents the verified emission factor of the facility's electricity production, in tCO<sub>2</sub>eq / kWh or MJ.
* $$EF\_{heat \ production }$$ represents the verified emission factor of the facility's heat production, in tCO<sub>2</sub>eq / kWh or MJ.

**Biomass-based calculation**

Where no such emission factor is available, Project Developers shall convert the parasitic load **fraction** to an equivalent biomass quantity according to the following.&#x20;

$$\textbf{(Eq.14)} Q\_{biomass, parasitic \ load} =F\_{Parasitic \ load}\*Q\_{biomass, \ input}$$

* $$Q\_{biomass, parasitic \ load}$$ represents the amount of biomass corresponding to the parasitic load energy demand, in tonnes.
* $$F\_{Parasitic \ load}$$ represents the parasitic load fraction, defined in equation 12.&#x20;
* $$Q\_{biomass, \ input}$$ represents the total biomass input of the facility during a monitoring period.

Emissions shall then be calculated for $$Q\_{biomass, parasitic \ load}$$ following equation 15 and covering the following life cycle stages, where applicable:

* biomass production (non-waste biomass);
* biomass processing
* biomass transport;
* biomass storage;
* biomass conversion
  * energy and material inputs for the conversion of biomass into the CO<sub>2</sub> and the co-product, including material waste disposal;&#x20;
  * fugitive emissions from the biomass conversion process (e.g. CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O leaks from anaerobic digestion);
  * embodied emissions from infrastructure and machinery.

$$\textbf{(Eq.15)} \ E\_{parasitic\ load } = E\_{b, production}+ E\_{b, processing}+E\_{b, transport}+E\_{b, storage}+E\_{b, conversion}$$

* $$E\_{Parasitic \ load}$$ represents the parasitic load emissions, in tCO<sub>2</sub> eq.
* $$E\_{b, production}$$ represents the emissions from biomass production, in tCO<sub>2</sub> eq.
* $$E\_{b, processing}$$ represents the emissions from biomass processing, in tCO<sub>2</sub> eq.
* $$E\_{b, transport}$$ represents the emissions from biomass transport, in tCO<sub>2</sub> eq.
* $$E\_{b, storage}$$ represents the emissions from biomass storage, in tCO<sub>2</sub> eq.
* $$E\_{b, conversion}$$ represents the emissions from biomass production, in tCO<sub>2</sub> eq.

The emissions from biomass production, processing, transport, storage and conversion shall be calculated according to the rules set out in [Calculation of biomass emissions](#calculation-of-biomass-emissions).

{% hint style="info" %}
For example, a retrofit BECCS facility produces 100 MWh of electricity during the monitoring period from a total biomass input of 500 tonnes. The capture unit consumes 5 MWh of that electricity, giving a parasitic load fraction of 5/100 = 0.05, according to Equation 12.

**Approach 1: Site's energy emission factor**

A verified emission factor of 0.05 tCO<sub>2</sub>eq/MWh is available for the facility's electricity production. The parasitic load emissions are calculated directly using Equation 13:

$$E\_{Parasitic \ load} =5\ MWh \*0.05 \ tCO\_2eq/MWh = 0.25 \ tCO\_2eq$$

**Approach 2: Biomass-based calculation**

No verified emission factor is available or the projects wants certification under the CRCF. The parasitic load fraction is first converted to an equivalent biomass quantity using Eq. 14:

$$Q\_{biomass, parasitic \ load} =0.05 \*500t = 25t$$

The biomass is waste material and stored in well-aerated conditions, so emissions from production and storage are zero. Emissions are calculated for those 25 tonnes covering transport and conversion only:

* $$E\_{b, transport} = 25t \* 0.002 \ tCO\_2eq/t = 0.05 \ tCO\_2eq$$
* $$E\_{b, transport} = 25t \* 0.00 \ tCO\_2eq/t = 0.20 \ tCO\_2eq$$

And the parasitic load emissions are calculated following equation 15:$$E\_{Parasitic \ load} =0.05 \ tCO\_2eq+ 0.20 \ tCO\_2eq = 0.25 \ tCO\_2eq$$
{% endhint %}
{% endtab %}

{% tab title="Greenfield" %}
In a greenfield scenario, the parasitic load emissions are calculated accordingly

$$\textbf{(Eq.16)} \ E\_{Parasitic \ load} = F\_{Parasitic \ load}\*E\_{energy \ production}$$

* $$E\_{Parasitic \ load}$$ represents the parasitic load emissions, in tCO<sub>2</sub>eq.
* $$F\_{Parasitic \ load}$$ represents the parasitic load fraction and is defined in equation 12.
* $$E\_{energy\ generation }$$ represents the emissions allocated to the generation of energy, in tCO<sub>2</sub> eq, and is defined below.

$$\textbf{(Eq.17)} \ E\_{energy\ production } = F\_{economic, energy}\*E\_{co-products}$$

* $$F\_{economic, energy}$$ represents the economic value allocation fraction for energy generation, established in the [CO<sub>2</sub> generation section](#capture-stage-co2-generation).&#x20;
* $$E\_{co-products }$$ represents all operational and embodied emissions up to the point of physical separation of the co-products, and is defined in equation 11 &#x20;

{% hint style="info" %}
For example, a **greenfield BECCS facility** produces **40 MW** of electricity in a monitoring period. The emissions from the underlying facility operations up to the point where CO<sub>2</sub> is physically separated amount to **20 tCO**<sub>**2**</sub>**eq** for the entire site for the duration of the monitoring period. Based on economic value allocation of the co-products,

* 70% of total facility emissions are attributed to electricity production = **14 tCO**<sub>**2**</sub>**eq**, and
* 30% of total facility emissions are attributed to CO<sub>2</sub> generation = 6 tCO<sub>2</sub>eq.

The capture unit consumes **2 MW**, giving a parasitic load fraction of 2MW/40MW = 0.05, according to equation 12. &#x20;

The emissions associated with the parasitic load are calculated by multiplying the parasitic load fraction with the emissions associated with the electricity production, according to equation x: 0.05 \* 14 tCO<sub>2</sub>eq = **0.7 tCO**<sub>**2**</sub>**eq.**
{% endhint %}
{% endtab %}
{% endtabs %}

### Emissions from material consumption

For both retrofit and greenfield projects, emissions associated with material consumed **solely by the CO**<sub>**2**</sub>**&#x20;capture process**, meaning consumed for capture after the point of CO<sub>2</sub> generation (e.g. solvents, adsorbents, and other process chemicals) are attributed in full to the BioCCS project.

See the [Processing and energy use module](/~/changes/229/modules/processing-and-energy-use.md) for details on the calculations.

### Embodied emissions

For both retrofit and greenfield projects, embodied emissions from infrastructure and machinery that **solely serve the CO**<sub>**2**</sub>**&#x20;capture process**, meaning all equipment used for capture after the point of CO<sub>2</sub> generation (e.g. liquefaction, compression equipment) are attributed in full to the BioCCS project.

See the [Infrastructure and machinery module](/~/changes/229/modules/infrastructure-and-machinery.md) for details on the calculation.

### Calculation of biomass emissions

Biomass emissions shall be included in the project emissions if the project is&#x20;

* a greenfield project, as set out in section [Emissions from CO2 generation](#co2-generation); or
* a retrofit project sourcing the facility's own energy output to cover the energy demand of the capture unit (parasitic load), as set out in section [Emissions from energy use](https://app.gitbook.com/o/zK7HMMBIcwhOSDhxzqPO/s/E1FUJsBoIj20nqp3CtMf/~/edit/~/changes/229/methodologies/biogenic-carbon-capture-and-storage-bioccs/ghg-quantification#internal-energy-parasitic-load);&#x20;

#### **Biomass production (non-waste biomass)**

Emissions from the production of non-waste biomass (i.e. energy crops) shall cover both cultivation and harvesting. This includes all inputs associated with growing and collecting the biomass, such as fertilizer production and application, fuel and energy use for agricultural machinery, pesticide or herbicide use, any on-site storage or handling operations prior to transport

Project Developers shall determine the emissions from biomass production by multiplying the mass of biomass used with an appropriate emission factor.

Emission factors shall be sourced as

* **RED III default values for term&#x20;*****e***<sub>***ec***</sub>, where available in Annex V or Annex VI of the [Directive](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A02018L2001-20240716); or&#x20;
* **Default values at regional level (NUTS2)**, where reported by the relevant countries and recognized by the European Commission (available [here](https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/renewable-energy/bioenergy/biofuels_en#reports-on-emissions-from-cultivation-of-raw-materials-for-use-in-biofuels)); or
* **representative emission factors** from peer-reviewed databases or literature (e.g. [ecoinvent database](#user-content-fn-7)[^7]).

Where values are expressed per unit of energy output, Project Developers shall convert to emissions per unit of feedstock consumed.&#x20;

<details>

<summary>🇪🇺 CRCF requirement: Emission factors biomass production</summary>

For CRCF-compliant projects, Project Developers cannot chose where to source the emission factor from but shall follow the hierarchy set below:

1. RED III default values for term *e*<sub>*ec,*</sub>
2. Default values at regional level (NUTS2),
3. representative emission factors.

</details>

#### **Biomass processing**

Emissions associated with the upstream and on-site processing of biomass prior to its conversion (e.g. drying, mixing or shredding of feedstock) shall be accounted for.&#x20;

Project Developers shall determine the emissions from biomass processing by multiplying the mass of biomass used with an appropriate emission factor.

Emission factors shall be sourced as

* **RED III default values for term&#x20;*****e***<sub>***p***</sub> from Annex V or Annex VI of the [Directive](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A02018L2001-20240716), where available. Where Project Developers used RED III default values for the calculation of biomass production emissions, the corresponding default values for processing emissions must be used.&#x20;

Where no default value exists, Project Developers shall determine processing emission as follows:

<table><thead><tr><th width="161">Type of biomass</th><th>Upstream processing</th><th>On-site processing</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Non-waste</strong></td><td><ul><li>Demonstrated as included in the production EF, or </li><li>EF sourced from peer-reviewed literature/databases, or</li><li>calculate emissions using <a href="/pages/BTxxPIM3a4Nai1Wkwu2Y">Processing and energy use</a> module</li></ul></td><td><ul><li>Demonstrated as included in the production EF, or </li><li>calculate emissions using <a href="/pages/BTxxPIM3a4Nai1Wkwu2Y">Processing and energy use</a> module</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><strong>Waste</strong> </td><td><ul><li>EF sourced from peer-reviewed literature/databases, or</li><li>calculate emissions using <a href="/pages/BTxxPIM3a4Nai1Wkwu2Y">Processing and energy use</a> module</li></ul></td><td>calculate emissions using <a href="/pages/BTxxPIM3a4Nai1Wkwu2Y">Processing and energy use</a> module</td></tr></tbody></table>

#### **Biomass transport**&#x20;

Emissions associated with the transport of biomass from the sourcing location to the facility shall be accounted for in the [Transportation](/~/changes/229/modules/transportation.md) module.&#x20;

#### **Biomass storage**

Emissions associated with the storage of biomass feedstock ahead of conversion shall be calculated separately for each feedstock that is harvested or collected at the same time and stored in the same way.

Biomass storage emissions are set to zero for each feedstock that Project Developers demonstrate meets at least one of the following conditions:

* the feedstock is coarse woody material that stays naturally well-aerated throughout storage;
* for feedstocks that do not naturally remain well-aerated, Project Developers shall ensure that the material is either:
  * processed within four weeks of entering storage; or
  * stored at a moisture content of 30% or below;
* feedstock is pelleted for storage; or
* Project Developers demonstrate that biomass is stored in a way that avoids significant CH<sub>4</sub> emissions from anaerobic decomposition given the nature of the feedstock and the local conditions

Where none of the above applies, emissions from storage of biomass shall be calculated according to the following equations.

<details>

<summary>Calculation of biomass storage emissions</summary>

**Biomass other than manure and slurry**

$$\textbf{(Eq.18)}\ E\_{storage}=\sum\_{feedstock} (  \frac {M\_{CH4}}{M\_{C}}*0.0013*Q\_{feedstock}*C\_{feedstock}*(T\_{storage}-1))\*GWP\_{bioCH4}$$

* $$feedstock$$ represents the feedstock batch harvested or collected at the same time and stored in the same way.
* $$\frac {M\_{CH4}}{M\_{C}}$$ represents the molecular mass ratio of methane to carbon, which is 1.335.&#x20;
* 0.0013 represents the [monthly fractional loss](#user-content-fn-15)[^15] of biomass carbon from storage.
* $$Q\_{feedstock}$$ represents the quantity of feedstock per batch, in tonnes.&#x20;
* $$C\_{feedstock}$$ represents the carbon content of the feedstock, in mass%.
* $$T\_{storage}$$ represents the rounded-up time for which the feedstock is stored, in months.&#x20;
* $${GWP}\_{CH4}$$ represents the global warming potential of  CH$$\_4$$ over 100 years.

**Manure and slurry**

Manure and slurry may be stored onsite for several days or weeks if they cannot be utilized immediately upon their delivery to the biomass conversion site. During this storage period, methane and N<sub>2</sub>O are emitted linearly over time. When the feedstock is stored for 180 days (a conventional manure/slurry management scenario), 2% of its nitrogen is emitted as N<sub>2</sub>O, plus some methane expressed as a fraction of its biomethane potential (*BMP*). The ratio of average days manure and slurry are stored at the biomass conversion site, to the average storage duration of 180 days, is [used to adjust the N<sub>2</sub>O and methane emission benchmarks](#user-content-fn-4)[^4] detailed in Table 8 and 9 in the [Data sources](#kpxsamb8logm) section (see example in the box below).

{% hint style="info" %}
For example, if manure is stored at a biogas site 18 days on average before being added to the digester, this represents 10% of the average 180 days of conventional manure storage. As shown in Table A1, when manure is stored for 180 days:

* 2% of its nitrogen is emitted as N2O, and
* 1.5% of its BMP is emitted as methane.

When this storage time is shortened to 18 days in the biogas scenario, (10% of the conventional storage duration):

* the nitrogen emission rate is reduced to 0.2% (10% of 2%), and
* the methane emission rate is reduced to 0.15% of BMP (10% of 1.5%).
  {% endhint %}

Equation 19 shall be used if the project uses **manure** as a feedstock input, to calculate N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from manure storage.

$$\begin{aligned}\textbf{(Eq.19)}\ E\_{ N2O\ manure\ storage} = \sum \&W\_{manure, i}*\ % N*R\_{N\ as\ N2O}\ &*N\_{to \ N2O}*\frac{Days\ stored}{180}\*\ GWP\_{N2O}\end{aligned}$$

where,

* $$E\_{ N2O\ manure\ storage}$$ represents the sum of GHG emissions from N$$\_2$$O due to the storage of manure type *i* (chicken or cow) in the project scenario, in kgCO$$\_2$$eq.
* $$W\_{manure, i}$$ represents the mass of manure type *i* used as feedstock in the project scenario, in kg.
* $$% N$$ represents the percent of manure mass as nitrogen.
  * For chicken manure, this is 1.4% of fresh matter as nitrogen, as shown in Table 8 in the [Data sources](#kpxsamb8logm) section
  * For cow and all other manure types, this is 0.65% of fresh matter as nitrogen, as shown in Table 8 in the [Data sources](#kpxsamb8logm) section (2.7% of dry matter as nitrogen \* 24% dry matter)
* $$R\_{N\ as\ N2O}$$ represents the rate of nitrogen emitted as N$$\_2$$O from conventional manure storage of 180 days. According to Table 1a, this equals 2%.
* $$Days\ stored/180$$ represents the number of days manure is kept stored. A default value of 15 days can be assumed if no project data is available. 180 represents the conventional manure storage duration of 180 days.
* $$N\_{to\ N2O}$$ represents the conversion of nitrogen to N$$\_2$$O equivalents by multiplying by the ratio of their molecular mass (1.57).
* $$GWP\_{N2O}$$ represents the global warming potential of N$$\_2$$O over 100 years, which is [273 kgCOeq/kg N2O](#user-content-fn-16)[^16].

Equation 20 shall be used if the project uses **manure and/or slurry** as a feedstock input, to calculate methane emissions from manure and/or slurry storage.

$$\begin{aligned}\textbf{(Eq.20)}\ E\_{CH4\ storage} = \sum \&W\_{i}*{BMP}*{i}\*E*{BMP,\ CH4}*\ &{\rho CH}*{4}\*{\frac{Days\ stored}{180}\*GWP}*{bio\ CH4}\end{aligned}$$

where,

* $$E\_{\ CH4\ storage}$$ represents the emissions of methane from storage of manure and/or slurry
* $$W\_{i}$$ is explained in equation 19.&#x20;
* $$BMP\_{i}$$ represents the biomethane potential of feedstock type $${i}$$, in nm$$^3$$ of CH$$\_4$$ per tonne of fresh matter, presented in Table Table 8 and 9 in the [Data sources](#kpxsamb8logm) section.
* $$E\_{BMP,\ CH4}$$ represents methane emissions during storage as % of BMP, presented in Table 8 and 9 in the [Data sources](#kpxsamb8logm) section.
* $${\rho CH}\_{4}$$ represents the methane density, which is[ 0.75](#user-content-fn-17)[^17] kg/m³.
* $$Days\ stored/180$$ was described in Equation 10.
* $${GWP}\_{bio\ CH4}$$ represents the global warming potential of biogenic CH$$\_4$$ over 100 years, which is 27[^18] kgCO$$\_2$$eq/kg CH$$\_4$$.

</details>

#### **Conversion of biomass: energy and material use**

Emissions associated with the energy (e.g. fuel, electricity) and materials (e.g. chemicals, water) consumed by the conversion of biomass into co-products and any waste disposal processes shall be accounted for in the [Processing and energy use](/~/changes/229/modules/processing-and-energy-use.md) module.

#### **Conversion of biomass: fugitive emissions**&#x20;

Fugitive emissions associated with the conversion of biomass, e.g. CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O shall be accounted for in the [Processing and energy use](/~/changes/229/modules/processing-and-energy-use.md)  module.

#### **Conversion of biomass: embodied emissions**

Embodied emissions from the facility's infrastructure and machinery used for biomass conversion to CO<sub>2</sub> and primary product(s) shall be accounted for in the [Infrastructure and machinery](/~/changes/229/modules/infrastructure-and-machinery.md) module.

For BioCCS **retrofit** projects at **anaerobic digestion sites**, the following simplification for data collection is applied:

* Buildings and main infrastructure at the biogas site have an assumed lifetime of 20 years. Embodied emissions from infrastructure and machinery are modeled and extrapolated from the **main digester exterior volume** (m<sup>3</sup>) to simplify data collection. The ecoinvent process for the anaerobic digestion plant present in the Appendix is used, considering 1 m<sup>3</sup> of digester volume annually.

## Transport stage emissions

Emission sources from the **transport stage** include all operational and embodied emissions related to the transport of the project CO<sub>2</sub> stream, from leaving the capture site to entering the storage site. Transport may happen via pipeline networks, rail, road, shipping or a combination of those.

Transport emission sources include:

* any transport via rail, road, maritime vessel, or pipeline
* any stationary processes (e.g. intermediate storage),
* embodied emissions from infrastructure and machinery used in transportation and stationary processes.

For **non-segregated streams**, processes or modes of transport are shared between project CO<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> from one or more other sources. Only emissions attributable to the project CO<sub>2</sub> shall be included. The allocation should be based on the mass of project CO<sub>2</sub> stream and applied at the data collection stage.

Emissions from the transport stage shall be accounted for in the Rainbow [Transportation](/~/changes/229/modules/transportation.md) modules.&#x20;

## Storage stage emissions

Emissions sources at the **storage stage** include all operational and embodied emissions from the storage stage, from the project CO<sub>2</sub> entering the storage site to going into permanent geological storage.&#x20;

Storage emission sources include:

* injection of CO<sub>2</sub> and any associated processes,
* any intermediate storage or processing operations,
* any storage site monitoring operations (e.g. water sampling, soil fluids monitoring, plume modelling),
* embodied emissions from infrastructure and machinery used at storage site (e.g. injection well, transport infrastructure, monitoring wells).

For **non-segregated streams**, processes are shared between project CO<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> from one or more other sources. Only emissions attributable to the project CO<sub>2</sub> shall be included. The allocation should be based on the mass of project CO<sub>2</sub> stream and applied at the data collection stage.

Emissions from the storage stage shall be accounted for in the corresponding Rainbow Transformation modules.&#x20;

## Quantification of leakage emissions&#x20;

The [**biomass fractions**](#user-content-fn-8)[^8] to be considered for leakage emissions are:&#x20;

* For greenfield projects: Biomass allocated to CO<sub>2</sub> generation
* For retrofit projects: Additional biomass

<details>

<summary>Greenfield: Calculation of <em>biomass allocated to CO2 generation</em> fraction</summary>

The amount of biomass representing the fraction **biomass allocated to CO**<sub>**2**</sub>**&#x20;generation** is defined as&#x20;

$$\textbf{(Eq.21)} \ Q\_{fraction}  =Q\_{total}\*F\_{economic,CO2}$$

* $$Q\_{fraction}$$ represents the amount of biomass in the fraction, in tonnes.
* $$Q\_{total}$$ represents the total biomass consumed during the monitoring period, in tonnes.
* ​ $$F\_{economic, CO2}$$ represents the economic value allocation fraction for CO<sub>2</sub> generation.

</details>

<details>

<summary>Retrofit: Calculation of <em>additional biomass</em> fraction</summary>

The amount of biomass representing the **additional biomass fraction** is defined as&#x20;

$$\textbf{(Eq.22)} \ Q\_{fraction}  =Q\_{total}-Q\_{baseline}$$

* $$Q\_{fraction}$$ represents the amount of biomass in the  fraction, in tonnes.
* ​ $$Q\_{total}$$ represents the total biomass consumed during the monitoring period, in tonnes.
* ​ $$Q\_{baseline}$$ represents the baseline consumption rate scaled to the same period, in tonnes. Calculated according to the rules below.

</details>

<details>

<summary>Retrofit: Calculation of <em>baseline consumption rate</em></summary>

The **baseline consumption rate** shall be calculated as follows:

* As the average annual biomass consumption of the facility over the three years prior to the start of the project activity, derived from primary operational records; or
* If site specific data is not available, a [regional market analysis](#user-content-fn-19)[^19] shall be used to demonstrate that the feedstock type, quantity, and alternative fate are representative of the local market conditions prior to the retrofit.

</details>

Emissions from leakage shall be calculated according to Equation 16:

$$\textbf{(Eq.23)} \ E\_{leakage}  =E\_{baseline\  storage}+E\_{biomass\  diversion}+E\_{energy/material\ diversion}+E\_{iLUC}$$

* $$E\_{leakage}$$ represents the total leakage emissions, in tCO<sub>2</sub> eq.
* $$E\_{baseline\  storage}$$ represents the leakage emissions from baseline carbon storage, in tCO<sub>2</sub> eq.
* $$E\_{biomass\  diversion }$$ represents the leakage emissions from biomass diversion, in tCO<sub>2</sub> eq. Defined in equation 24.
* $$E\_{energy/material \  diversion }$$represents the leakage emissions from the diversion of bioenergy and biomaterials, in tCO<sub>2</sub> eq. Defined in equation 25.
* $$E\_{iLUC}$$ represents the indirect land use change emissions, in tCO<sub>2</sub> eq. Defined in equation 26.

### Quantification of baseline carbon storage

If the alternative fate of the biomass used is not incineration or use in energy generation, Project Developers shall determine the baseline carbon storage of the feedstock. The baseline carbon storage is defined as the fraction of feedstock carbon that would **remain stored after 50 years** in the alternative fate scenario. This fraction shall be deducted from the project's gross removals.&#x20;

The assessment shall be based on peer-reviewed literature, recognized national or regional GHG inventory reports, documented industry data or direct measurements, and shall be representative of the biomass type and the specific alternative fate scenario (e.g. relevant geographic or climatic conditions).

A minimum **baseline carbon storage of 0.5%** of the total feedstock carbon content shall be applied to all projects.

### Quantification of leakage from biomass diversion

Leakage associated with the diversion of the biomass from its alternative use shall be quantified for each biomass type and source. To quantify the leakage emissions, Project Developers shall:

1. **Determine the quantity of the biomass** type $$i$$ used by the project, that would have had a valuable alternative use.
2. **Follow** [**Alternative fate**](/~/changes/229/methodologies/biogenic-carbon-capture-and-storage-bioccs/principles-and-requirements.md#alternative-fate-of-biomass) **section guidelines** to determine the alternative use scenario of the biomass.
3. **Identify the most likely replacement product or process** for the diverted biomass.
4. **Source an appropriate conversion factor** to calculate the quantity needed to replace **the original function** of the biomass based on the business-as-usual (BAU) function.
5. **Source an appropriate emission factor** for the production and use of the replacement product.
6. **Calculate the associated emissions** according to equation 17 below
7. Repeat for each **biomass** type $$i$$ with a valuable alternatuve use.

$$\textbf{(Eq.24)}\ E\_{biomass\ diversion} =\sum\_{i}^{N} Q\_{fraction, i}*F\_{conversion, i}*   EF\_{alternative \ use, i}$$

* $$E\_{biomass\  diversion }$$ represents the leakage emissions from the diversion of biomass, in tCO<sub>2</sub> eq.&#x20;
* $$Q\_{fraction, i}$$ represents the amount of biomass type $$i$$ of the relevant biomass fraction, in tonnes. Defined in equations 21 and 22. &#x20;
* $$F\_{conversion}$$ represents an appropriate conversion factor for biomass type $$i$$, in appropriate unit / tonnes.&#x20;
* $$EF\_{alternative \ use}$$ represents the appropriate emission factor for the replacement product of biomass type $$i$$, in tCO<sub>2</sub> eq / appropriate unit.

The [ecoinvent database](#user-content-fn-7)[^7] version 3.12 (hereafter referred to as ecoinvent) shall be the main source of emission factors unless otherwise specified. Ecoinvent is preferred because it is traceable, reliable, and well-recognized. The ecoinvent processes selected are detailed in the [Appendix](/~/changes/229/methodologies/biogenic-carbon-capture-and-storage-bioccs/appendix.md).

### Quantification of leakage from diversion of bioenergy and biomaterial

**For material leakage calculations,** if a retrofit project produces and exports less material than the BAU, additional emissions associated with the compensation of the reduced output shall be quantified by identifying the quantity of the marginal material and multiplying it with an appropriate emission factor reflecting its production.

For **energy leakage calculations**, if a retrofit project produces and exports less energy than the BAU, additional emissions associated with the compensation of the reduced output shall be estimated using equation 18.&#x20;

$$\textbf{(Eq.25)}\ E\_{energy\ diversion} = (Q\_{electricity, baseline}-Q\_{electricity, retrofit})\*EF\_{electricity}+ (Q\_{heat, baseline}-Q\_{heat, retrofit})\*EF\_{heat}$$

* $$Q\_{electricity, baseline}$$ represents the electricity delivered to the grid in the baseline (BAU), in kWh or MJ.
* $$P\_{BioCCS}$$ represent the electricity delivered to the grid by the BioCCS project, in kWh or MJ.
* $$EF\_{electricity}$$ represents the electricity grid emissions factor and shall be taken for the national grid (at the maximum granularity), and if possible, regional mixes shall be used.
* $$H\_{baseline}$$ represents the heat delivered to the grid in the baseline (BAU), in kWh or MJ.
* $$Q\_{BioCCS}$$ represents the heat delivered to the grid by the BioCCS project, in kWh or MJ.
* $$EF\_{heat}$$ represents the heat grid emissions factor and shall be taken for the national grid (at the maximum granularity), and if possible, regional mixes shall be used.

The [ecoinvent database](#user-content-fn-7)[^7] version 3.12 (hereafter referred to as ecoinvent) shall be the main source of emission factors unless otherwise specified. Ecoinvent is preferred because it is traceable, reliable, and well-recognized. The ecoinvent processes selected are detailed in the [Appendix](/~/changes/229/methodologies/biogenic-carbon-capture-and-storage-bioccs/appendix.md).

### Quantification of indirect land use change emissions

To quantify iLUC emissions, the Project Developer shall classify each **energy crop**, or the feedstock from which the **forestry or agro-food waste** is derived, according to Table 8, below.

*Table 8:* [*iLUC emission factors*](#user-content-fn-20)[^20] *for different crop types.*&#x20;

| Crop Type                           | iLUC emission factor \[gCO2eq / MJ] |
| ----------------------------------- | ----------------------------------- |
| Cereals and other starch-rich crops | 12                                  |
| Sugar crops                         | 13                                  |
| Oil crops                           | 55                                  |

The associated iLUC emissions shall be calculated according to equation 26:

$$\textbf{(Eq.26)}\ E\_{iLUC}  =\sum\_{i}^{N} Q\_ {fraction, i} \*iLUC\_ {i}\*LHV\_ {i}$$

* $$E\_{iLUC}$$ represents the indirect land use change emissions of the project, in tCO<sub>2</sub>eq,
* $$Q\_{fraction,i}$$ represents the amount of biomass type $$i$$ of the relevant biomass fraction, in tonnes. Defined in equations 21 and 22.
* $$iLUC\_{i}$$ represents the iLUC emission factor for biomass type $$i$$, in gCO<sub>2</sub>eq/MJ,
* $$LHV\_{i}$$ represents the lower heating value of the biomass type $$i$$, in MJ/t.

If a project uses a biomass type not listed above, they shall either apply the most conservative emission factor in the table or calculate a feedstock-specific[ iLUC emission factor](#user-content-fn-21)[^21]. In this case, $$LHV\_{i}$$  of the actual feedstock and not the feedstock from which the default value was taken shall be used. The calculated feedstock-specific factor shall be:

* conservative;
* appropriate to the feedstock type, geographic region, and land use context of the project;
* based on peer-reviewed scientific literature, recognized economic equilibrium models (e.g., GTAP, GLOBIOM, IMPACT), or values established under governmental or intergovernmental regulatory frameworks;
* transparently and fully documented.

## Emissions Allocation

If BioCCS projects capture CO<sub>2</sub> from a [**mixed stream**](#user-content-fn-22)[^22], project emissions may be allocated to the eligible fraction by multiplying relevant project emissions by $$F\_B$$. Relevant project emissions are those from shared processes serving both eligible and fossil CO<sub>2</sub>. Leakage emissions must not be allocated. Allocation must be transparently documented and justified.

{% hint style="info" %}
Any emission sources identified by the Project Developer and not listed above shall be reported to the Rainbow Certification team and accounted for in the calculation of the project emissions.&#x20;
{% endhint %}

## Uncertainty assessment  <a href="#dk35zb8m2b1p" id="dk35zb8m2b1p"></a>

An uncertainty assessment is presented below for all aspects of GHG quantification set **at the methodology level**. The findings from this assessment are then applied **at the project level**, where project-specific GHG quantification also undergoes an uncertainty assessment.

The **overall project GHG quantification uncertainty** is determined by qualitatively combining both the methodology-level and project-specific uncertainties for each identified source of uncertainty.

The assumptions made at the methodology level are assessed qualitatively.&#x20;

* The assumption that **no carbon was stored in the absence of the project** has low uncertainty. In the absence of the project, feedstock materials would follow their conventional fate with no active carbon removal mechanism. Any indirect carbon storage is accounted for within the leakage assessment.
* The assumption that a minimum of **0.5% of carbon is permanently stored** in feedstock whose alternative fate is different to incineration or used in energy/material production has high uncertainty, but the total net project removals is not sensitive to this assumption.&#x20;
* The assumption that the fraction of biogenic CO2 in the captured stream, $$F\_B$$, does not change during transport or storage stage has low uncertainty. Once CO<sub>2</sub> leaves the capture stage, the gas stream composition is physically fixed and individual molecules cannot be separated or preferentially lost based on origin.
* The assumption made for the calculation of embodied emissions of the underlying biogas production site in a retrofit scenario (buildings and main infrastructure have a lifetime of 20 years, and calculation based on the external volume of the main digester) has low uncertainty. It is based on the assessment of numerous certification projects under the Rainbow [Biogas from anaerobic digestion](/~/changes/229/methodologies/biogas-from-anaerobic-digestion.md) methodology, that small impacts from infrastructure (1-2% of project life cycle GHG emissions).
* The assumptions made for the **storage emissions from manure and slurry** have low uncertainty.&#x20;

The **qualitative uncertainty** at methodology level is **low**, which translates to a  [**discount factor**](/~/changes/229/rainbow-standard-documents/rainbow-standard-rules/ghg-quantification.md#discount-factor) **of 3%**.

At the project level, Project Developers shall assess the uncertainty in the GHG quantification, using e.g. statistical analysis of project data, calibration records or manufacturer specifications. Where a direct quantification is not possible, uncertainty estimates from reputable sources (e.g. peer-reviewed literature or local/national regulations) may be used, if justified. Common sources of uncertainty are

* measurement uncertainty (e.g. accuracy of the flow meters used to measure CO<sub>2</sub> flow),
* sampling uncertainty (e.g. statistical distribution in the value for the concentration of CO<sub>2</sub> in the stream),
* models (e.g. equation of state to model the density of the stream),
* estimates or secondary data used (e.g. when project data is not available).

To combine quantitative uncertainties, Project Developers shall follow the principles set out in the [*IPCC: Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National GHG Inventories*](#user-content-fn-23)[^23] (Chapter 6, Section 3), using either an error propagation approach or Monte Carlo simulation. Uncertainty shall be assessed based on the 95% confidence interval.&#x20;

The **discount factor** corresponds to the higher of the two uncertainty values, methodology- or project-level and is deducted from from the **gross GHG removals**, $$R\_{project}$$. If the discount factor exceeds **15%**, the project is deemed ineligible for crediting.

[^1]: ISO 14064-2:2019. Greenhouse gases — Part 2: Specification with guidance at the project level for quantification, monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emission reductions or removal enhancements.

[^2]: A CO2 stream that is at all times separated from CO2 from other sources.

[^3]: A CO2 stream that is mixed with CO2 streams from other sources at any point after leaving the capture site.

[^4]: Esnouf A., Brockmann D., Cresson R. (2021) Analyse du cycle de vie du biométhane issu de ressources agricoles - Rapport d’ACV. INRAE Transfert, 170pp.

[^5]: Gangagni Rao Anupoju, Ahuja, S., Bharath Gandu, Sandhya K, Kranti Kuruti and Venkata Swamy Yerramsetti (2015). Biogas from Poultry Litter: A Review on Recent Technological Advancements. Springer eBooks, pp.133–147. doi:<https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17915-5\\_8>.

[^6]: Methasim project data 2021 <https://ifip.asso.fr/base-de-donnees-methasim/>

[^7]: Wernet, G., Bauer, C., Steubing, B., Reinhard, J., Moreno-Ruiz, E., Weidema, B., 2016. The ecoinvent database version 3 (part I): overview and methodology. Int J Life Cycle Assess 21, 1218–1230. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-016-1087-8>

[^8]: An accounting construct to delineate which fraction of biomass is used for what purpose:

    * baseline vs additional biomass (retrofit)
    * biomass allocated to CO<sub>2</sub> generation vs allocated to bioenergy generation (greenfield)

    Further information in the [Biomass fractions ](https://app.gitbook.com/o/zK7HMMBIcwhOSDhxzqPO/s/E1FUJsBoIj20nqp3CtMf/~/edit/~/changes/229/methodologies/biogenic-carbon-capture-and-storage-bioccs/eligibility-and-scope#biomass-fractions)section.

[^9]: Rainbow Carbon Credits

[^10]: Rainbow Caron Credits

[^11]: i.e. the concentration is averaged across all measurement intervals, weighted by the mass of gas measured at each interval, to reflect its relative contribution to the total flow.

[^12]: &#x20;e.g. through proof of 100% [eligible](https://app.gitbook.com/o/zK7HMMBIcwhOSDhxzqPO/s/E1FUJsBoIj20nqp3CtMf/~/edit/~/changes/229/methodologies/biogenic-carbon-capture-and-storage-bioccs/principles-and-requirement#biomass-sustainability)  feedstock and design documents of the capture facility showing no mixing of fossil CO<sub>2.</sub>

[^13]: i.e. the point at which the CO<sub>2</sub> stream becomes available for capture

[^14]: e.g. already calculated for RED III auditing purposes

[^15]: This value is extracted from the European Commissions Delegated Act on Permanent Carbon Removals.

[^16]: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2021. Chapter 7: The Earth’s Energy Budget, Climate Feedbacks, and Climate Sensitivity. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.009

[^17]: Teferra, D.M., Wubu, W., Teferra, D.M., Wubu, W., 2018. Biogas for Clean Energy, in: Anaerobic Digestion. IntechOpen.[ https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79534](https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79534)

    \\

[^18]: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2021. Chapter 7: The Earth’s Energy Budget, Climate Feedbacks, and Climate Sensitivity. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.009.

[^19]: e.g. based on official statistics published, or independent biomass market analysis/research reports.

[^20]: The table is adapted from the EU's Renewable Energy Directive (RED III), Annex VIII, Part A. [URL](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A02018L2001-20240716)

[^21]: Calculated using economic models (e.g., GTAP, IMPACT) that estimate global land conversion, carbon stock changes, and emissions, typically measured in g or kg CO2e per MJ of feedstock on a dry lower heating value (LHV) basis.

[^22]: Containing both biogenic CO<sub>2</sub>  and fossil CO<sub>2.</sub>

[^23]: Penman, J., Kruger, D., Galbally, I., Hiraishi, T., Nyenzi, B., Emmanuel, S., Buendia, L., Hoppaus, R.,

    Martinsen, T., Meijer, J., Miwa, K., & Tanabe, K. (Eds.). (2000) *Good Practice Guidance and*

    *Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories*, IPCC National Greenhouse Gas

    Inventories Programme, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies ISBN 4-88788-000-6, [URL](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gp/english/)


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