Appendix

Appendix 1: Ecoinvent processes

Table A1 List of ecoinvent 3.11 processes used in the GHG quantification model

Process type	Ecoinvent activity
Transport, truck	market for transport, freight, lorry, 7.5-16 metric ton, diesel, EURO 5 | Cutoff, U, RER
NiMH battery recycling	treatment of used Ni-metal hydride battery, pyrometallurgical treatment l used Ni-metal hydride battery l Cutoff, U, GLO
Li-ion battery recycling	64%: treatment of used Li-ion battery, pyrometallurgical treatment l used Li-ion battery l Cutoff, U, GLO 36%: treatment of used Li-ion battery, hydrometallurgical treatment l used Li-ion battery l Cutoff, U, GLO
Pb-acid battery recycling	treatment of scrap lead acid battery, remelting l lead l Cutoff, U, RER
Common steps	market for solvent, organic l solvent, organic l Cutoff, U, GLO Baking soda solution 10.7%: market for sodium bicarbonate l sodium bicarbonate | Cutoff, U, RER 89.3%: market for water, completely softened | water, completely softened | Cutoff, U, RER market for textile, knit cotton | textile, knit cotton | Cutoff, U, GLO market group for electricity, medium voltage l electricity, medium voltage l Cutoff, U, RER
Refurbishing steps	New BU: NiMH: BU-related processes from NiMH battery production Li-ion: NMC811: battery cell production, Li-ion, NMC811 l battery cell, Li-ion, NMC811 l Cutoff, U, RoW NMC111: battery cell production, Li-ion, NMC111 l battery cell, Li-ion, NMC811 l Cutoff, U, RoW LFP: battery cell production, Li-ion, LFP l battery cell, Li-ion, LFP l Cutoff, U, RoW NCA: battery cell production, Li-ion, NCA l battery cell, Li-ion, NCA l Cutoff, U, RoW Pb-acid: battery production, lead acid, rechargeable, stationary l battery, lead acid, rechargeable, stationary l Cutoff, U, RoW New BMS: battery management system production, for Li-ion battery l battery management system production, for Li-ion battery l Cutoff, U, GLO New auxiliary components: Glass fiber reinforced plastics: market for glass fibre reinforced plastic, polyamide, injection moulded l glass fibre reinforced plastic, polyamide, injection moulded l l Cutoff, U, GLO Plastics (polyethylene): market for polyethylene, high density, granulate l polyethylene, high density, granulate l Cutoff, U, RER injection moulding l injection moulding l Cutoff, U, RER Plastics (polypropylene): market for polypropylene, granulate l polypropylene granulate l Cutoff, U, RER injection moulding l injection moulding l Cutoff, U, RER Battery module packaging: market for battery module packaging, Li-ion l battery module packaging, Li-ion l Cutoff, U, GLO Aluminium: market for aluminium, cast alloy l aluminium, cast alloy l Cutoff, U, GLO market for sheet rolling, aluminium l sheet rolling, aluminium l Cutoff, U, GLO Steel: market for steel, low-alloyed, hot rolled l steel, low-alloyed, hot rolled l Cutoff, U, GLO Electric connectors (wire): market for electric connector, wire clamp l electric connector, wire clamp l Cutoff, U, GLO Electric connectors (buss): market for electric connector, peripheral type buss l electric connector, peripheral type buss l Cutoff, U, GLO Electronic components (other) market for electronic component, passive, unspecified l electronic component, passive, unspecified l Cutoff, U, GLO
Regeneration steps	New electrolyte: Li-ion: electrolyte production, for Li-ion battery l electrolyte, for Li-ion battery l Cutoff, U, GLO Pb-acid: 38%: market for sulfuric acid production l sulphuric acid l Cutoff, U, RER 62%: market for water, completely softened | water, completely softened | Cutoff, U, RER NiMH: market for electrolyte, KOH, LiOH additive l electrolyte, KOH, LiOH additive l Cutoff, U, GLO Pb-acid electrolyte treatment: market for quicklime, milled, packed l quicklime, milled, packed l Cutoff, U, RER
Residual waste	Incineration (50%): treatment of hazardous waste, hazardous waste incineration l hazardous waste for incineration l Cutoff, U, Europe without Switzerland Landfill (50%): treatment of inert waste, sanitary landfill l inert waste l Cutoff, U, RER
New battery production	NiMH: battery production, NiMH, rechargeable l battery, NiMH, rechargeable l Cutoff, U, GLO Li-ion: 60% - NMC: 50%: NMC811: battery production, Li-ion, NMC811 l battery, Li-ion, NMC811, rechargeable l Cutoff, U, RoW 50%: NMC111: battery production, Li-ion, NMC111 l battery, Li-ion, NMC111, rechargeable l Cutoff, U, RoW 30%: battery production, Li-ion, LFP, rechargeable l battery, Li-ion, LFP, rechargeable l Cutoff, U, GLO 10%: battery production, Li-ion, NCA, rechargeable l battery, Li-ion, NCA, rechargeable l Cutoff, U, RoW Pb-acid: battery production, lead acid, rechargeable, stationary l battery, lead acid, rechargeable, stationary l Cutoff, U, RoW

Appendix 2: Lifetimes of new and refurbished batteries

Table A2 Summary of assumed lifetimes, of new and refurbished batteries by battery type and chemistry.

Battery type	Battery chemistry	BU% mass in battery pack	Lifetime new (years)	Lifetime second life (years)
LMT	Li-ion	70%	6	5
LMT	NiMH	74%	6	5
EV/HEV	Li-ion	83%	8	5
EV/HEV	NiMH	74%	8	5
SLI	Pb-acid	100%	8	6
ESS	Li-ion	70%	8	6
ESS	NiMH	74%	8	6
ESS	Pb-acid	100%	8	6

Appendix 3: Detailed baseline scenario market shares

Table A3 Summary of baseline scenario battery waste treatment, per battery type and chemistry.

Battery type	Chemistry	EU EPR collection target in 2028	Europe EOL market share	Adjusted Europe EOL
LMT	Li-ion: NMC: 60% 50% NMC811 50% NMC111 LFP: 30% NCA: 10% NiMH	51%	PRO collection schemes: Battery second life: 10% Recycling: 90%	PRO collection schemes: Battery second life: 7% Recycling: 93%
LMT	Li-ion: NMC: 60% LFP: 30% NCA: 10% NiMH	49%	Outside PRO schemes: Battery second life: 19% Recycling: 75% Landfill and incineration: 6%	Outside PRO schemes: Battery second life: 13.3% Recycling: 80.7% Landfill and incineration: 6%
EV/HEV	Li-ion NiMH	100%	Battery second life: 25% Recycling: 75%	Battery second life: 17.5% Recycling: 82.5%
SLI	Pb-acid	100%	Recycling: 100%	Recycling: 100%
ESS	Li-ion Pb-acid Li-ion	100%	Recycling: 100%	Recycling: 100%